AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE THAILAND TUNA FISH INDUSTRY
ABSTRACT AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE THAILAND TUNA FISH INDUSTRY Although Thailand is currently the leading tuna fish exporter in the world, this thesis asks whether the Thai tuna industry really sustainable. Almost all the raw tuna is imported prior to processing for re-export, and tuna stocks are known to be over-fished. This thesis examines the economic, environmental, and social sustainability aspects of the Thai tuna industry. The thesis has three major parts - forecasting future tuna demand, internal and international competitiveness analysis, and sustainable livelihoods of processing workers analysis. First, tuna demand forecasts were estimated by a simple ARIMA model between 2007 and 2011. The results are interpreted in the light of factors involved in tuna demand: population; income; tuna price. The simple projection of the past history of Thai exports indicates that there are two sensible forecast trends (medium and low levels), as informed by consideration of the major drivers of world demand. The low forecast level is considered more realistic given the over-fishing of global tuna stocks. Hence, the Thai industry faces a likely future of declining exports, implying a declining Thai processing sector. Second, the potential of Thai tuna processors depends on key internal and external relationships. For internal relationships, the tuna processing and fishing sectors have been investigated here. The Structure Conduct Performance (SCP) paradigm has been used to identify internal relationships in the tuna processing sector. The Thai processing structure is oligopolistic. The firms’ conduct indicates that tuna processing operates through price leadership by a dominant firm. Branding strategy is only used for the canned product. Vertical and horizontal integration have been adopted by a few larger firms to explicit economies of scale and scope and reduce transaction costs. According to a price-cost-margin analysis, two canning processors are performing poorly, although no fresh and freezing firms are (yet) in this high risk category. One effective fishing sector strategy would be to replace tuna imports with an increased potential for negotiation for rules of origin requirements. However, there is very limited potential for investing in Thai tuna vessels because both purse seine and long- line vessels are experiencing losses. Revealed comparative advantage analysis shows that Thailand has had a comparative advantage and has constantly maintained the comparative advantage in the world and with respect to two main importers, the US and Canada, but its comparative advantage has not been sustained in Australia, the EU, the Middle East, and Japan. It is also clear that this advantage depends critically on low labour costs in Thailand, which is not consistent with continued economic growth in Thailand. Trading tariffs, especially in the EU, and rules of origin are contributing to a decline in competitiveness. Porter’s double diamond model identifies that a low labour wage rate country has been a strong source of competitiveness until now but this will decline as wages improve with economic growth and competition in the labour market increase. International demand seems likely to continue to grow in the face of limited supplies, leading to increasing prices for tuna, but the costs (especially fuel and labour) of supply are also likely to rise in the future. Related industries are adequate for tuna processing, but most have alternative activities which could become more profitable and sustainable than tuna trade in the medium term. The Thai industry may be sufficiently strong to cope with these changing circumstances, but it is likely to become more concentrated and not grow in either absolute or relative importance as in the past. The greatest opportunity for the processing sector would seem to be the development of tuna aquaculture in Thailand, which has the necessary marine resources, though this development will need to avoid environmental damage, and also to avoid simply shifting the over-fishing problem upstream to fish feed stocks. Third, sustainability of the Thai tuna industry also involves the livelihoods of workers. We found that larger firms can support better welfare, income, environment, and convenient facilities, though they currently employ relatively few workers. In worker living areas, workers were vulnerable to economic crisis, seasonality of tuna catches, natural disasters, and the insecurity of a personal living place. In the longer term, economic growth within Thailand will generate competitive earning opportunities for many of the present labour force, while the processing sector, if it is to survive, will need to match these earning opportunities and working conditions. If it cannot, it can be expected to decline as labour finds better things to do, as happened to the tuna processing industry in the US. The findings of this thesis are rather pessimistic. The Thai tuna industry will not probably be environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable without substantial adjustment. The industry faces many severe problems in the near future as reflected in lower demand forecasts, lack of raw material, unprofitable fishing operations, emerging shortages of motivated, well-paid, skilled labour, and binding rules of origin and tariff restrictions. As this analysis clearly demonstrates, maintaining both tuna fishing and the processing industry in Thailand will be difficult. Nevertheless, there are opportunities as well as threats, and with innovative and sound management there is still a future for the industry, albeit not with the growth rates which have characterised its past. Source : http://agri.eco.ku.ac.th/cv_detail/Kulapa_Supongpa_%20Kuldilok_s_Thesis.pdf
The effect of utilization of tomato pomace in diets on growth performance and digestibility of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
The effect of utilization of tomato pomace in diets on growth performance and digestibility of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Jitra Simawan, Patcharee Mongkolvai and Kosit Sriphuthorn ABSTRACT: The aim of this experiment was to the study the effect of utilization of tomato pomace in diets on growth performance and digestibility efficient of Nile tilapia. Dietary treatments were randomized assign according to a completely randomized design (CRD) in 5 experimental treatments and each treatments were 3 replications. The diets contained tomato pomace at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 % of dietary treatment. The initial average weight of Nile tilapia was 70-80 g and fish were stocked in net cages and contained 30 fish/net cages (1x1x1.5 m.). Experimental fish were fed 5-7 % BW and the experiments were done for 3 month. The results showed that of mixed of tomato pomace at 0-28 % of dietary treatment no negative effected on growth rate, efficiency of feed utilization and apparent digestibility of dry meter and crude protein (P>0.05). However, the apparent digestibility of crude lipid was significantly increased (P<0.05), the used of 28 % of tomato pomace was the highest (85.91 %). In conclusion, tomato pomace could be used as protein source in diets of Nile tilapia up to 28 % and were lowest cost (21.23 Baht/kg), and the cost of every compositions of tomato pomace were cheaper than control group (5.25 Baht/kg.). Keywords: Tomato pomace, Growth performance, Digestible efficiency, Nile tilapia Source : https://ag2.kku.ac.th/kaj/PDF.cfm?filename=P053%20Fis13.pdf&id=2327&keeptrack=1
Quality of egg noodles as affected by tilapia frame meat supplement
Quality of egg noodles as affected by tilapia frame meat supplement Patcharin Popert and Somsamorn Gawborisut ABSTRACT: The research was aimed to supplement tilapia frame meat (TFM) into egg noodles. Four supplementary levels of TFM including 0 (control), 25, 50 and 75 g. (0, 10.71, 21.43 and 32.14% of all purpose flour weight) were experimented. After that, quality parameters of the noodles [protein, color values (L*, a*, and b*), tensile force, and total plate count] were measured. The result showed that protein levels in egg noodles supplemented with TFM (regardless of supplementary levels) were higher than the control. Only a* (red-green color value) was affected by TFM supplement. Supplementary levels of 50 and 75 g. significantly reduced a* value. Only TFM supplementary level of with 75 g. significantly increased tensile force of the noodles. Egg noodles supplemented with TFM at the levels of 50 and 75 g. significantly increased total plate counts. But, 25 g. supplement yielded indifferent total plant compared to control. The 25 g. TFM was the most suitable level for supplementing in egg noodles. Keywords: tilapia frame meat, egg noodles Source : https://ag2.kku.ac.th/kaj/PDF.cfm?filename=O010%20Fis_201.pdf&id=1814&keeptrack=7
Study on growth rate and survival rate of polyculture Oreochromisniloticus with Litopenaeusvannamei in different stocking densities in low salinity water
Study on growth rate and survival rate of polyculture Oreochromisniloticus with Litopenaeusvannamei in different stocking densities in low salinity water KaewtaLimhang, JanjiraArpanan and ArpornArunrat ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate growth rate and survival rate of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) at different stocking densities with tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in low salinity water (5 parts per thousand; ppt). A 60-day experiment was conducted by stocking tilapia and Pacific white shrimp under laboratory condition. Culture tanks (500-L fiberglass tank) were sampled into 4 treatments with 3 replicates each. In control, only tilapia were stocked at 25/tank. Treatment 1-3, the tilapia were stocked at the same amount as the control with different shrimp densities of 25, 35 and 45/tank respectively. At the end of experiment, survival rate of shrimps were 55.28+12.90%, 50.10+6.18% and 45.18+9.12% in treatment 1, 2 and 3, respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between survival rates of shrimp stocked at different densities. Thus, the suitable poly culture of Pacific white shrimp and tilapia should be 25 shrimp and 25 tilapia/tank. Keywords: Litopenaeusvannamei, Oreochromisniloticus, low salinity water, polyculture Source : https://ag2.kku.ac.th/kaj/PDF.cfm?filename=P891.pdf&id=1388&keeptrack=10
Utilization of fish trim meat for material cost reduction in tilapia sausage processing
Utilization of fish trim meat for material cost reduction in tilapia sausage processing Nattapon Pakoawnoy and Somsamorn Gawborisut ABSTRACT: Tilapia trim meat is a by-product from industrial-scale tilapia fillet processing. This trim meat may be mixed with fillet meat and was used for tilapia sausage production. The aim of the study was to find a suitable ratio of tilapia trim meat:fillet meat for production of tilapia sausage. Three treatments with different ratios of tilapia trim meat:fillet meat [0:100 (control), 20:80 and 40:60] were experimented. Quality parameters of tilapia sausage including color (L*, a* and b*), texture (shear force and hardness), and sensorial preference were determined. The results were shown that color values and sensorial preference scores were not significant different (P>0.05). Shear force and hardness of the control (0:100) were significantly higher (P0.05) in term of instrumental texture value. Conclusively, tilapia trim meat:fillet meat at the ratio of 40:60 was the most suitable. Therefore, 40% of tilapia fillet could be replaced by the trim meat. The replacement could lower the material cost for tilapia sausage production by 28.39%. Keywords: tilapia trim meat, tilapia sausage, material cost Source : https://ag2.kku.ac.th/kaj/PDF.cfm?filename=O07.pdf&id=1177&keeptrack=9
Effects of dietary Schizochytrium sp. supplementation on morphological characters and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Effects of dietary Schizochytrium sp. supplementation on morphological characters and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Soudsada Saiyasaeng , Bundit Yuangsoi , Pattama Wiriyapattanasub and Sutee Wongmaneeprateep ABSTRACT: The effects of dietary Schizochytrium sp. supplementation on morphological characters and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were studied. Fish (initial weight 84.08-84.26 g) were fed with pelleted feed (30% crude protein) supplemented with Schizochytrium at 0% (control group), 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% and reared for 8 weeks. Results were shown that body depth gain and dorsal width gain of fish fed 7.5% Schizochytriumhad the highest values (2.58±0.19and1.00±0.11 cm), which was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the control group. The average weight gain of fish fed 7.5, 5.0 and 2.5% Schizochytrium were162.75±9.79,132.19±12.66 and 113.87±18.39g, respectively, and were significantly different (P<0.05) from the control group which was 89.15±17.70 g. Average daily growth rate, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio of the fish fed 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 % Schizochytrium were significantly higher (P<0.05) than control group, which the fish fed 7.5% Schizochytrium had the highest values (2.91±0.17g/fish/day, 1.92±0.08%/day and 0.84±0.04, respectively). Results from this study indicated supplemented pellet feed with Schizochytrium at 7.5% could increase body depth and dorsal width of the fish. In addition, using Schizochytriumat 2.5 to 7.5% could increase growth performance of the fish. Keywords: Morphology,Schizochytrium, Dietary supplementation, Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus Source : https://ag2.kku.ac.th/kaj/PDF.cfm?filename=O08.pdf&id=1178&keeptrack=13